Poly(9-vinylcarbazole)

Catalog NumberHG-BULK25067598

CAS Number25067-59-8

CategoryPolymers

Molecular Weight

Mw ~60kDa

Appearance

Light yellow solid

Application

Optoelectronic Devices: Hole transport layers in OLEDs (hole mobility 10⁻⁵-10⁻⁶ cm²/(V·s)) enhance device efficiency; photoconductive imaging materials (UV-triggered conductivity) for photocopier components; perovskite solar cell interface layers suppress charge recombination.; Environmental and Industrial Applications: High-temperature insulating materials for cable and transformer protection; heavy metal adsorption membranes for industrial wastewater purification.; Analytical Detection: MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry matrices increase sensitivity for small molecules and salt tolerance; carbon nanotube composites for flexible sensors in electrochemical detection.

Storage

Keep in a cool, dark, and dry place

Specification

96% min

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Case Study

Poly(9-vinylcarbazole) as a Hole Transport Material for Inverted Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells

Yang, L., et al. (2017). Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 163, 210-217.

Poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) serves as an efficient hole transport material (HTM) in p-i-n type inverted planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells, replacing the commonly used PEDOT:PSS. The PVK film is deposited via room-temperature solution-casting without requiring doping or post-treatment, acting as an electron-blocking and hole-extracting layer. Its hydrophobic nature (water contact angle of 83 degrees) and high glass transition temperature (ca. 200 C) contribute to improved device stability.
Experimental Protocol: PVK films with thicknesses ranging from 3 to 15 nm were spin-coated from chlorobenzene solutions onto ITO glass substrates. A MAPbI₃ perovskite photoactive layer (ca. 250 nm) was deposited by sequential spin-coating using PbI₂ and MAI precursors. A PC₆₁BM electron transport layer (ca. 35 nm) and a 100 nm Ag cathode completed the ITO/PVK/MAPbI₃/PCBM/Ag device architecture. An optimum PVK thickness of 6.5 nm was identified by comparing power conversion efficiencies.
Performance Evaluation: The champion PVK-based device achieved a stabilized power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.8% at the maximum power point (0.80 V), significantly surpassing the 12.1% PCE of the PEDOT:PSS-based counterpart. Key photovoltaic metrics included a short-circuit current density of 21.93 mA/cm², an open-circuit voltage of 0.96 V, and a fill factor of 74.97%, with negligible hysteresis. Perovskite films cast on PVK exhibited higher crystallinity and reduced PbI₂ residues, leading to a larger charge recombination resistance of 571 Ohm compared to 418 Ohm for PEDOT:PSS-based cells. After 1000 hours of ambient storage, the PCE of PVK-based devices retained 82.5% versus only 56% for PEDOT:PSS-based devices.

Poly(9-vinylcarbazole) as a Donor Matrix in Carbon Nanosphere Composites for Photoinduced Charge Transfer

Mbarek, M., et al. Materials Chemistry and Physics 211 (2018): 399-405.

Poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) functions as an electron-donating polymer matrix in composite films with carbon nanospheres (CNS), enabling photoinduced charge transfer at the donor-acceptor interface. The PVK/CNS composites exhibit significant photoluminescence quenching due to efficient exciton dissociation, where CNS acts as the electron acceptor.
Experimental Protocol: Carbon nanospheres with diameters of 80-140 nm (mean 100 nm) were synthesized by thermal chemical vapor deposition using acetylene and nitrogen at 700 C. PVK/CNS composites were prepared at three CNS weight concentrations (1.7, 3, and 5%) by mixing PVK dissolved in dichlorobenzene with ultrasonically dispersed CNS, followed by additional ultrasonic treatment for homogeneity. Thin films of approximately 500 nm thickness were obtained by drop-casting onto silica substrates and dried at room temperature. Structural characterization employed SEM, TEM, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy; optical properties were assessed by UV-Vis absorption, stationary photoluminescence (PL) at 330 nm excitation, and time-resolved PL at 400 nm excitation.
Performance Evaluation: PL measurements revealed progressive quenching of 22%, 46%, and 71% at CNS concentrations of 1.7%, 3%, and 5% respectively, corresponding to charge transfer efficiencies of 29%, 54%, and 77%. Time-resolved PL showed decreasing average exciton lifetimes from 0.780 ns for pure PVK to 0.627 ns, 0.585 ns, and 0.375 ns as CNS content increased. The radiative lifetime (16 ns for pure PVK) was consistently much longer than the non-radiative lifetime (4.87 ns), confirming that the non-radiative recombination pathway is the preferred route for photo-generated excitons. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the structural stability of CNS within the composite, with I_D/I_G ratios ranging from 0.80 to 0.90.

Poly(9-vinylcarbazole) as a Hole Transport Layer in OLEDs Fabricated via Reactive Ink-Jet Printing

Ahn, S. I., et al. (2012). Organic Electronics, 13, 980-984.

Poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) is synthesized and simultaneously patterned as a hole transport layer in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) using a reactive ink-jet process (RIP), enabling direct control of molecular weight and device electrical properties. The PVK layer replaces conventional hole injection and transport materials (2-TNATA and NPB), acting as both a hole transport medium and an electron-blocking layer.
Experimental Protocol: N-vinylcarbazole monomer (6 g) and AIBN initiator (0.05-0.8 wt%) were dissolved in 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate and ink-jet printed onto patterned ITO glass substrates using an EPSON Stylus Photo R290 printer. The printed films were thermally polymerized at 120 C for 30, 60, 90, or 120 minutes. The resulting PVK films (ca. 60 nm thick) were incorporated into modified OLED devices with the structure ITO/RIP-PVK/Alq₃:C545T (30 nm)/Alq₃ (30 nm)/LiF (0.5 nm)/Al (100 nm). Reference devices used commercial PVK (Mn = 25,000-50,000) or PVK prepared by spin-coating.
Performance Evaluation: GPC analysis showed a linear increase in number-average molecular weight (Mn) from 1,637 to 11,293 g/mol as reaction time increased from 30 to 120 minutes. The RIP-PVK OLEDs achieved a maximum current efficiency of 11.7 cd/A, outperforming both the spin-coated PVK device (5.7 cd/A) and the reference commercial PVK device (10 cd/A). The turn-on voltage showed a linear decrease with longer reaction times, ranging from 4.5-5.2 V for 30-minute films to 4-4.5 V for 120-minute films. AFM measurements confirmed RMS surface roughness below 10% of the film thickness, meeting manufacturing acceptability requirements.

• Molecular Weight: Mw ~60kDa
• Appearance: Light yellow solid
• Application: Optoelectronic Devices: Hole transport layers in OLEDs (hole mobility 10⁻⁵-10⁻⁶ cm²/(V·s)) enhance device efficiency; photoconductive imaging materials (UV-triggered conductivity) for photocopier components; perovskite solar cell interface layers suppress charge recombination.; Environmental and Industrial Applications: High-temperature insulating materials for cable and transformer protection; heavy metal adsorption membranes for industrial wastewater purification.; Analytical Detection: MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry matrices increase sensitivity for small molecules and salt tolerance; carbon nanotube composites for flexible sensors in electrochemical detection.
• Storage: Keep in a cool, dark, and dry place
• Specification: 96% min