Catalog NumberHG96311
CAS Number96-31-1
CategoryNon-ionic Surfactants
1,3-Dimethylurea in LiFSA Eutectic Electrolytes Enables Stable Lithium Metal Batteries
Ito, Nanako, et al. ACS Applied Energy Materials 9.3 (2026): 1377-1385.
1,3-Dimethylurea (DMU) is a low-cost, nontoxic hydrogen-bond donor used to form eutectic electrolytes; this study developed LiFSA/urea/DMU electrolytes for lithium metal batteries (LMBs).
Experimental Protocol: Binary and ternary deep eutectic electrolytes (T)DEEs were prepared by mixing LiN(SO2F)2 (LiFSA, >=99%) with urea (>=99.0%) and dimethylurea (>=98%) at various molar ratios at 25 +/- 5 degC for about 10 h in an Ar-filled glovebox. Characterization used DSC, thermogravimetry, ionic conductivity and viscosity measurements, Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy, XPS, and GFN-xTB molecular dynamics simulations; LSV and CV were conducted at 0.5 mV s-1 and galvanostatic tests used 2032 coin cells.
Performance Evaluation: Reducing free solvent enhanced anodic stability while mitigating solvent clustering improved cathodic stability. LiFSA/DMU (1:2) (DMU12) showed an ionic conductivity of 0.114 mS cm-1 and viscosity of 2533 mPa s, versus 1.03 mS cm-1 for LiFSA/urea (1:4). The Li|DMU12|Cu cell reached a Coulombic efficiency of about 60% and averaged ca. 79% over 10 cycles, and DMU12 and LiFSA/urea/DMU (1:1:1) cells were stable over 250 h with lithium metal; 4 V Li||LiMn2O4 cells delivered approximately 100 mAh g-1 at 3.9 V, supported by an organic-inorganic hybrid LiF-containing solid electrolyte interphase.
1,3-Dimethylurea/Zn(OAc)2 Deep Eutectic Solvent for Lewis Acid-Base Catalytic PET Glycolysis
Liu, Bo, et al. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 7.3 (2019): 3292-3300.
1,3-Dimethylurea (1,3-DMU) serves as the hydrogen-bond donor and basic catalytic site in deep eutectic solvents; this study clarified the active site and mechanism of a 1,3-DMU/Zn(OAc)2 DES for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) glycolysis.
Experimental Protocol: 1,3-DMU was mixed with metal salts (Zn(OAc)2, Mn(OAc)2, Co(OAc)2, Ni(OAc)2, Cu(OAc)2 and FeCl3) at molar ratios from 2:1 to 10:1 at 80-100 degC for 4 h and then dried at 60 degC. Glycolysis used 5.0 g PET (40-60 mesh) and 20.0 g ethylene glycol with catalyst under atmospheric pressure; products were analyzed by HPLC, 1H/13C NMR, ESI-MS, FT-IR, TGA and DSC.
Performance Evaluation: The amino group was identified as the active site, with basicity and steric hindrance governing catalytic activity; 1,3-DMU gave a 67% BHET yield versus 49% for urea, and catalytic activity followed Zn(OAc)2 > Mn(OAc)2 > Co(OAc)2 > Ni(OAc)2 > Cu(OAc)2 > FeCl3. Under optimized conditions (n(1,3-DMU)/n(Zn(OAc)2) 4/1, 0.25 g catalyst, 190 degC, 20 min), PET conversion reached 100% and BHET yield 82%. Kinetics followed the shrink-core model with an apparent activation energy of 148.89 kJ/mol, and the catalyst still worked efficiently after 5 recycles.
L-Threonine Single Crystals Grown in Dimethyl Urea Solution for Nonlinear Optical Applications
Shanthi, A., C. Krishnan, et al. Physica Scripta 88.3 (2013): 035801.
Dimethyl urea was used as the solvent medium for growing noncentrosymmetric L-threonine single crystals with nonlinear optical potential; this work reports the first growth of L-threonine crystals in dimethyl urea solution.
Experimental Protocol: Analytical reagent grade L-threonine and dimethyl urea solution were used with the slow solvent evaporation technique at room temperature (30 degC). The prepared solution was stirred for about 2 h, filtered through 4 micrometre Whatmann filter paper, and left for controlled evaporation. Characterization included single crystal and powder XRD (CuK-alpha, lambda = 1.54056 Angstrom, 2-theta = 10-70 deg), FT-IR (400-4000 cm-1), UV-Vis-NIR transmittance (190-1100 nm), Vickers microhardness (loads 25-100 g), TGA/DTA (40-540 degC) and a powder SHG test using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm, 6 ns, 10 Hz).
Performance Evaluation: A transparent, colorless crystal of about 20 x 7 x 4 mm3 grew within 10 days. It crystallized in the orthorhombic system with a = 5.097(3) Angstrom, b = 7.720(1) Angstrom and c = 13.503(3) Angstrom, space group P212121 and V = 533.7(5) Angstrom3. The cut-off wavelength was 333 nm with a band gap of 3.73 eV, the relative SHG efficiency was 0.92 times that of KDP, the work-hardening coefficient was 3.406, and the crystal was thermally stable up to 234 degC.