Darwish, Nawaf Bin, et al. Desalination 370 (2015): 1-6.
The performance of fractionized ion exchange resin with particle sizes down to 1-45 um was evaluated for boron removal from water, with a focus on kinetics, sorption capacity, and the effects of operating parameters including the presence of competing ions.
Experimental Protocol: An ion exchange resin based on macroporous polystyrene with N-methyl-D-glucamine functional groups was ground and sieved into three fractions: 1-45, 150-180, and 500-700 um. Batch sorption experiments were conducted at boron concentrations of 1.5-15.0 mg/L, resin dosages of 0.2-3 g/L, pH 4-10.5, and temperatures of 15-35 degrees C. The effect of side ions (NaCl at 5000-35000 mg/L, Na2SO4 at 3000-10000 mg/L, MgCl2 at 5000-20000 mg/L) was examined. Kinetic data were fitted to pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. Regeneration was tested using HCl and H2SO4 followed by NaOH.
Performance Evaluation: The 1-45 um fraction achieved 75.4% boron removal within 60 min, compared to 48.2% for the 150-180 um fraction and 15.0% for the 500-700 um fraction, with BET surface areas of 26.6, 24.5, and 20.8 m2/g respectively. Complete boron removal was achieved within 10 min at 3 g/L dosage. The pseudo-second-order model provided excellent fit (r2 = 0.9949-0.9963), indicating that boron complexation rate with N-methyl-D-glucamine groups, not diffusion, was rate-limiting. Optimal pH was 8 with 90% removal efficiency. High concentrations of NaCl, Na2SO4, and MgCl2 did not affect boron removal, confirming high selectivity. Temperature increase from 15 to 35 degrees C enhanced removal due to accelerated Brownian motion and increased borate ion fraction.